My historical novels Rebel Puritan and The Reputed Wife, Herodias (Long) Hicks Gardner Porter, colonial New England, travels, and whatever else seizes my fancy...
Showing posts with label Puritan. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Puritan. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 17, 2018

Vagabond Quakers

Vagabond Quakers
Most Americans don’t like to contemplate their own history, not even in fiction. Tudor or Plantagenet tales are usually the best-sellers. American historical fiction tends to be about the Revolutionary or Civil War, or more recent times readers can easily relate to.

What about 17th century New England, when the first colonies were carved from raw wilderness? The region’s history is ripe with conflict and compromise between Puritan and non-Puritan colonies, a pair of Indian genocides, and the tragic heroism of Quakers using civil disobedience to combat Puritan intolerance. Fertile plotlines begging to be developed, right?

The classic novels, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Anya Seton’s The Winthrop Woman stem from those years, but apart from witchcraft stories, there aren’t many like them (until recently). What’s a reader hungry for fiction about early America to do?

I decided to write my own. In 2011, I published Rebel Puritan, outlining the struggle between conservative Puritans and Anne Hutchinson’s liberal outcasts who settled in Rhode Island, as witnessed by my most notorious ancestor, Herodias Long. Poor Herodias had her own struggle, discovering that it is far easier to marry an abusive man in a patriarchal society than it is to be separated from him.

I continued with The Reputed Wife in 2013, delving into Puritan colonies’ horrific anti-Quaker laws, and the determined Quakers who challenged them. Herodias was one of dozens whipped and jailed for speaking out against the brutal sentences, but her friend Mary Dyer was one of four Quakers hanged for defying orders of banishment. The executions and brutal whippings, especially of women, caught the eye of King Charles II, who ordered the hangings to cease. More importantly, Charles upheld Rhode Island’s freedom of religion, which is now enshrined in the United States Constitution.

In 2017 I completed Herodias’ saga in The Golden Shore, in which Rhode Island unites its own restless factions, while Herodias must decide how much independence she is willing to sacrifice for love. I am now working on Rebel Seed, exploring Joshua Tefft’s execution for treason during King Philip’s War, the last-ditch effort of New England’s Indian tribes to regain land they had lost to English settlers’ encroachment.

Best of all, since Rebel Puritan came out, other authors have used fiction to explore the Quaker-Puritan conflict! Christy K. Robinson’s sensitive and penetrating treatment of Mary Dyer’s life and martyrdom in Mary Dyer Illuminated and For Such a Time as This are must-reads in colonial fiction.

The Whip and Cart Act
In 2017, Olga Morrill’s riveting Vagabond Quakers took up shortly after my Reputed Wife and Christy Robinson’s Mary Dyer series ended at the gallows. Hanging Quakers was forbidden, so New England’s Puritans revive an old English barbarity in its place – the Whip and Cart Act.

The law calls for Quakers who refuse to stay out of Massachusetts to be tied to the tail of a cart, stripped to the waist, and whipped out of the colony – given 10 lashes in three towns as they walk, or are dragged, to the wilderness beyond Massachusetts’ border.

In 1662 Mary Tomkins and Alice Ambrose, English Quaker missionaries, arrive in Dover (Massachusetts’ northernmost town). They are banished, and yet they return. In court, they meet an ambitious, steel-willed magistrate, Richard Walderne, who is determined to make an example of them. Along with the fragile Anne Coleman, the three missionaries are sentenced to be lashed not just in three towns, but in every town between Dover and Dedham – 11 towns spread over 80 miles. If the women can survive 110 stripes from a three-lashed whip, being dragged through December snows when they can no longer walk will surely prove fatal.

A sympathetic official discharges them after ‘only’ two whippings, but Mary and Alice return to Dover as soon as they can travel. Now, Walderne and his cronies are bent on ensuring that this defiance will be their last act.

I just love this story! Ms. Morrill has long experience as a storyteller and columnist, her smooth prose paints a vivid picture with the best of ‘em, and her research is impeccable.

Readers need to pay heed to the chapter headings, for Vagabond Quakers traces both Richard Walderne’s, and Mary and Alice’s lives. Her scenes switch in time as much as 25 years, but lead inexorably to the fateful meeting of these strong-willed foes.

 Vagabond Quakers ends with its characters in in flux, but this is the first volume in The Vagabond Trilogy. Ms. Morrill is taking a long view, and her next work will shift the scene to Rhode Island, where my own works take place. I look very much forward to what comes next.


Tuesday, April 15, 2014

Meet My Main Character



1705 Gardner and Watson home lots at Pettaquamscutt

It’s been a while since I last added a post to my Rebel Puritan blog. However, my neglect has been for the right reason: I’m deep into the manuscript for The Golden Shore, the final book in my trilogy about Herodias Long and her family. Currently, I’m recreating Pettaquamscutt, the town where Herodias and her children settled on the west side of Narragansett Bay. Pettaquamscutt was burned out in King Philip’s War, a sad event which will be featured in Golden Shore.
Anyhow, I’m back here as part of a fun historical fiction blog hop, and here’s my thank you to Paula Lofting for tagging me.
Rebel Puritan and The Reputed Wife
We participants are introducing readers to our main characters. I’ve written before about Herodias, in connection with her heroic protest against abuse of the Quakers by Puritans, as depicted in The Reputed Wife, and also in her struggle for personal freedom in Rebel Puritan. Now that I’m writing about Herod’s efforts to ensure her family’s bright future in The Golden Shore, it’s time to bring readers up to date.
1) What is the name of your character? Is he/she fictional or a historic person?

Herodias (Long) Hicks Gardner Porter really did scandalize her contemporaries with her outspoken ways, and also mothered a dynasty. I am proud to be her 8th-great granddaughter.

2) When and where is the story set?

King Charles II
Seventeenth- century Rhode Island battled for existence for twenty-five years before King Charles II guaranteed its existence with a royal charter in 1663, and commanded the Puritan colonies to stop interfering with Rhode Island’s affairs. Rhode Islanders’ freedom of conscience was also included in the royal charter. Herodias was whipped and Mary (Barrett) Dyer
was hanged in Massachusetts for civil disobedience in defense of religious freedom. With the new charter, Puritan colonies could no longer punish Rhode Islanders for their religious beliefs.

However, the charter did not put an end to Rhode Islanders’ struggles. In the 1660s, New Englanders are expanding into Indian lands, and tension between Englishmen and Native Americans is building toward open warfare in 1675.

3) What should we know about Herodias?

Herod has rebuilt her life after youthful impulse led her to marry the abusive John Hicks in Rebel Puritan. In The Reputed Wife, Herod reconciled with her oldest daughter, Hannah (Hicks) Haviland, and has borne seven children with George Gardner. Herod walked sixty miles to Boston to protest the abuse of Quakers, only to be whipped and jailed herself. With that abuse ended by royal mandate, and Rhode Island’s future ensured, Herod’s life should be equally secure.

4) What is the main conflict? What messes up her life?

Herod is still hiding a secret – twenty years ago, she refused to wed George Gardner because she feared being bound to him. When the opportunity arises to turn her children’s future golden, but George Gardner holds back, what should Herod do?

5) What is the personal goal of the character?

Ever since Herod’s father died when she was twelve and she was unwillingly sent to London by her mother, Herod has craved security. And, though most seventeenth-century women were essentially their husbands’ property, Herod seeks to control her own life.

6) Is there a working title for this novel, and can we read more about it?

The title is The Golden Shore, and you can read the first chapter below.

7) When can we expect the book to be published?

I wish that I could say this year, but the scope of Golden Shore requires extra time. It will be printed in 2015.

Now it’s Peni Renner’s turn. Her post will be up in a few days, and you can find it at:



And finally, here’s the first chapter of The Golden Shore. Let’s see how much it changes in the print version!

A SCANDALOUS LIFE: THE GOLDEN SHORE
Chapter 1
June 1, 1660

HERODIAS GARDNER’S SHOULDERS straightened, and she turned toward the gallows where Mary Dyer’s trussed corpse swayed in the breeze coming off Massachusetts Bay. To get to the docks, where Herod and John Porter could board the first ship headed south from Boston’s Harbor, they had to pass by her dear friend’s body.
 John warned, “Don’t look,” but Herod wanted to prepare herself. Not only must she cross under the gallows’ shadow; she also had to ride by the governor who had condemned Mary to die.
The executioner had tied Mary’s gray skirt around her ankles before turning her off the ladder. It wouldn’t do to have the woman exposed as she was dying, would it? But Mary’s garment had come loose and was billowing in the wind.
“We must pass by ….” John nodded toward the gallows. “This horse is too tired to make a fuss, but Endecott is still there. Pull up your hood, keep your eyes on me, and say nothing. If he remembers you, all hell will be loosed. Hang on.”
Herod tugged her cloak’s hood over her head, tilting it to hide her face, and then laced her fingers in the horse’s straw-colored mane. Her heart was racing despite her exhaustion. Two days ago she and John had set out from Newport, Rhode Island, headed for Boston as quickly as the inexperienced Herod could ride. They had hoped to talk Mary into accepting Puritan clemency. Instead, slowed by their lamed horse, they reached Boston’s gate just in time to watch Mary hang.
John clicked his tongue at the horse and tugged it through the dispersing crowd. Herod thought, ‘John must be as sore-footed as this beast. He walked most of the way from Dedham.’ As they neared the gallows, Herod kept her gaze on John’s back. His sleeves and green woolen doublet were powdered with dust, and so was his gray-streaked hair.
Then, twenty feet to their right, a man called, “John Porter, is that you?”
Herod’s neck creaked as her unwilling head swiveled. There, clad in somber black, were three men who still haunted her dreams.
Only two years ago, Herod put her newborn daughter in a sling and walked fifty wilderness miles from her home in Newport to Weymouth, Massachusetts. She and her first husband, John Hicks, had dwelt there for a time, and perhaps some of Herod’s old friends still did. A pair of Quaker women was sentenced to be whipped in Boston, and maybe Herod could persuade her friends to help stop it.
Herod made an impromptu protest in the marketplace, but was then arrested by the militia and hauled to the governor’s home in Boston. Then, stripped to her waist, Herod was lashed in Boston’s public square. Now the men responsible for her ordeal stood just a few feet before her.
Reverend John Wilson. After she was flogged, that black-cloaked hypocrite had come to Herod’s dank cell. Under the guise of saving her soul, the preacher sought words from Herod that he could twist into heresy, or witchery done by Mary Dyer. A half hour ago Herod had watched him endorse Mary’s hanging.
The tall man with a plumed hat at Wilson’s side was General Humphrey Atherton. The militia commander’s eyes were as hard as his polished iron breastplate. Atherton had tried to tear her infant from Herod’s arms at the whipping post. Certain that she’d never see Rebecca again, Herod had desperately clung to her. When the executioner turned his lash on Herod, only her arms protected Rebecca from the three-corded whip. Herod still lived that battle in her dreams.
The third man, stout and black-cloaked, was the one who had called to Porter. Governor John Endecott’s puffy cheeks were flushed with triumph. He said, “Mr. Porter, what brings you to Boston?”
The white tuft of hair on the governor’s chin twitched as he talked. Herod couldn’t tear her eyes away, thinking, ‘Papa’s old billy goat, out at pasture with the sheep. His beard waggled just like that when he cudded.’
John answered Endecott’s question, “Business with Mr. Hull.” He led Herod’s mount forward, but Atherton caught the animal’s bridle. “You needn’t hurry. The excitement is past.” The general’s full lips twitched at the corners.
Herod’s bleak mood blazed into fury. How dare Atherton find amusement in Mary’s tragic death? John gripped her ankle again, but his warning wasn’t necessary. She choked down her wrath and her eyes dropped to the horse’s neck.
John said to Atherton, “I was supposed to meet Hull an hour ago, but was delayed by this sad affair.”
“Sad?” scoffed Wilson. “Satan’s hand is snatched away from our Godly people, and you call it sad?”
“It’s sad to murder a fine woman guilty only of defying your laws, Reverend Wilson.”
Endecott coughed, and Herod stole another look at him. His mouth worked silently, and then he asked John, “After you see Mr. Hull, then you return to Rhode Island?”
“Aye.”
The elderly governor jerked his head toward the masked body hanging from the gallows. “Know you who that is?”
“William Dyer’s wife,” John said, each word emphasized coldly. “Do you not fear his response? Mr. Dyer is not without influence in Parliament, and ’twas they who appointed him to act against the Dutch. Sir Henry Vane was friends with the Dyers, and he won’t look kindly on your foul act either.”
“Vane is out of favor in Parliament,” scoffed Endecott. “Dyer knew well what would happen if he didn’t keep his wife at home. We even reprieved the woman last year. She took her own life today, surely as if she hurled herself on Atherton’s sword.”
Endecott’s pouched eyes narrowed. “Carry a warning to your Quakers to keep themselves and their witchery in Rhode Island. This is what heretics face in Massachusetts.”
John passed the horse’s reins from one hand to the other. His voice was silky when he asked Endecott, “What of the king?”
“Charles? He’s not king yet. It will never come to pass.”
“The royalists have risen, and they’ve invited Charles back onto the throne,” John told the governor. “It’s naught but a matter of time now. Your Puritan brethren sliced off his father’s head.” John pointed at the gallows. “Will Charles look kindly on such handiwork when he rules you?” Endecott’s mouth opened, but John told him, “What if our new king sends a royal commissioner to oversee your affairs?”
“Bear the governor’s warning to the Quakers, Porter, and mind that we don’t search your baggage for their pamphlets,” Atherton sneered. “Is your woman one of them?”
Herod’s head jerked up, but Atherton and Governor Endecott were looking at John, not her. “She’s got naught to do with Quakers, and neither do I, gentlemen,” John said, the cold edge back in his voice again. “I’m off to see Hull. Portsmouth’s court is in a few days, and if I hope to be there I must sail on the first ship.”
Endecott was speaking, but Herod was too distracted by a barely-glimpsed movement to hear. There, just behind Endecott’s shoulder, Mary’s bound feet dangled. The sea breeze lifted her skirt again, flaring out like laundry on a line. Herod’s mount snorted and flinched away as Mary’s feet began to move, her toes rotating left, then right, then left again.
For just a moment, Herod’s hope flared too. Somehow her friend had survived! Then she realized that it was no more than the wind, turning Mary like a weathercock.
A man passing by commented to Endecott, “She hangs like a flag.”
“Indeed,” sneered Atherton. “A flag to warn all Quakers.”
Somehow Herod clenched her teeth on her furious reply. Atherton peered more closely at her, and said to John, “Are you bringing doxies with you now? I haven’t known you to seek them here, but –”
John’s eyes narrowed. “Have a care, General. This is my wife’s servant, come to visit her sister. She’s a widow, and a little slow.”
“Miz Porter sent me,” Herod agreed, but she dared not look at Endecott. What would he make of this flimsy story?
“Kind of you to hire such an unfortunate,” Endecott told John. Then to Herod he said, “Good day,” in dismissal. She glanced at him under the edge of her hood. Judging by his dark ringed eyes, the governor was feeling every one of his sixty-odd years. ‘I hope the plague takes you,’ Herod thought viciously, picturing the gruesome death suffered by her father when she was twelve. ‘I hope you rot!’
She would have cheered to see the governor stagger and fall at her horse’s hooves, but Endecott merely turned back to the passing crowd, assessing their approval of the morning’s work.
John jerked the tired horse forward, and Herod clenched her teeth on bitter words as she ducked her head to stare at her sunburned hands. Even so, she could see Mary’s corpse out of the corner of her eye as they passed.
Mary’s face was still shrouded by Rev. John Wilson’s white neckcloth. As they rode by, the wind turned Mary’s body as though her eyes were fixed on Herod. Her scalp prickled as Herod murmured, “Goodbye, Mary. I pray you are with God now.”
Safely through the gate into Boston, John let the horse stumble to a halt in the grassy common. The animal eagerly dropped its head to graze. John wiped his sweaty face on his sleeve, then asked Herod, “Are you well? Can you walk?”
She nodded. “How far to Mr. Hull’s home?”
“Fifteen minutes at the most, but I want to let this nag rest while the streets clear. I hope the soreness will pass before I take it to the hostler, because they will charge me more if I bring it in lame.”
Herod swung down from the saddle with John’s help, groaning as her trembling legs protested. She dared not speak of Mary yet, so she said, “Those men – I scarce believe we spoke to them. I thought that they would send us straight to jail.”
“They didn’t recognize you, and a good thing that was. Those are the blackest-hearted bastards I’ve ever known. Wilson and Endecott claim they are doing God’s work – Gah! As for that arrogant popinjay Atherton, he is naught but Endecott’s minion.
“Remember when I took you up the Pettaquamscutt River?” John’s abrupt change of topic drew a sigh of relief from Herod, and she nodded. “My partners and I own the west side. The east bank is a lovely neck of land, and we sought to buy it from Kachanaquant –”
 “Kachana … who?”
“Bless you.” Herod eyed John in bewilderment. He winked, and said, “Kach-oo. Bless you.” Despite the grim events of the day and Herod’s weariness, she chuckled.
“Kachanaquant. He is one of the chief Narragansett sachems, but he’s not the leader that his grandfather Canonicus was. Humphrey Atherton spirited Kachanaquant up to Boston, got him falling-down drunk, then sweet-talked him into ‘giving’ Atherton the whole neck in trade for baubles and another keg of liquor. Atherton and his friends are dividing the land, and calling it Boston Neck, and Massachusetts is using it to lay claim to the whole Narragansett region. Connecticut claims everything from their line to Narragansett Bay, including the land Hull and I bought two years back.
“My partners and I are buying land from Kachanaquant fair and square, and I need John Hull’s signature on the deed, but I also came here up to consult with him. If anyone has influence with the Puritans, it’s John Hull.
“That’s Rhode Island’s land, Herod, chartered to us near twenty years ago by the king! I don’t know how we’ll ever get those claims settled, and Parliament refuses to help. All I can tell you is that if Humphrey Atherton ever comes on my land, I’ll set my dogs on him.”
“Can I watch?” Herod asked. “That man helped the hangman whip me two years ago, and he tried to take Rebecca from me. I bit him.”
“You bit Atherton?” John grinned broadly for the first time that day.
“To the bone. Can I watch your dogs bite him too?”
“I changed my mind,” John laughed, pleased that Herod’s thoughts were diverted away from Mary’s hanging. “No dogs. Instead, I’ll catch him in an ambuscade and you can take the first shot. Even if we only see him skulking on the other side of the river on his own land, Humphrey Atherton is a doomed man.”
“I just pray that Endecott is with him,” Herod said grimly.
John left Herod at a dockside inn to dine and rest. He told her he would go to the docks to see about a ship, then meet with John Hull. “My partners and I are buying the rest of that river valley I showed you, and much more land. I need presents for Kachanaquant and his wives, and money from Hull.”
“How much?” Herod knew that John wouldn’t mind her asking. He often told the Gardners of his cheap Narragansett land, inviting George to buy some at a bargain price. When John brought her home to Newport after her whipping two years ago, he detoured to show her a beautiful riverbank and ridgeline he had bought for the price of a milking cow. Ever since, Herod had begged George to buy acreage; if not for himself, then for his sons. Maybe this time George would agree.
“The rest of the western riverbank, and much more. Bottom land, miles of prime pasture, oaks fit enough for a ship’s keel and pines tall enough for her mast. Twelve square miles for one hundred thirty-five pounds.”
When John left Herod at the inn, she was wondering how she could persuade George to buy that land. Then the inn’s serving girl placed a steaming bowl of chicken stew with Indian meal dumplings before her, and Herod forgot everything but her hunger.
*****
It wasn’t long before John returned. He hustled her out through the inn’s door, telling Herod that he’d sped through his business with John Hull. “A ship came from England two days past, and is bound for ports south of Boston this afternoon. The captain has room to spare since he left most of his passengers here.”
John had already paid for beds in recently vacated cabins, and Herod promised him a firkin of goat cheese in return. He thanked her, adding, “We’re in luck! I’d been hoping to be back in Portsmouth for town meeting a few days hence. If the wind stays fair, I’ll get there with a day to spare. We will dock at Newport first, but it’s an easy walk to Portsmouth.”
Herod stood at the rail beside John to watch Boston’s docks and warehouses recede. Last time she’d done this was two years ago, with John Porter at her side that time as well. However, Rebecca had been in Herod’s arms, and twelve-year old Mary Stanton was on her other side. The poor girl only went to Massachusetts to help Herod carry her baby from Newport, but they were both whipped as Quakers. Herod reached up to rub a knotted scar on her collarbone – a reminder of the three-corded lash the Puritans used to whip Quakers.
John was talking with a well-dressed passenger, and exclaimed his delight when the man said he’d just come from London. Herod listened to their conversation, too weary to contribute.
She learned that Prince Charles had agreed to return to England from exile in the Netherlands, and there would soon be a king on the British throne again. That news didn’t excite Herod as much as it did John. He turned to say, “Herod, soon we Rhode Islanders will have a friend in charge, not the stiff-necked Puritans in Parliament.”
“Parliament demands a stronger hand for letting the prince return. Charles may not have much of a say,” replied the man in the expensive leather doublet. It might be hot inland, but the ocean winds were still cool, and Herod clutched her own cloak to her for warmth, envying that man his warm clothing.
John began to reply, and Herod touched his arm. “I’m tired, John. I’m going to lie down.”
*****
After two days on horseback, fraught with anxiety and sleeping poorly in inns, Herod thought she would fall asleep in moments. No other woman shared her cabin, so why did Herod lie awake, even though her eyes were aflame for lack of sleep.
Mary. Mary kept returning to Herod’s churning mind, no matter how hard she tried not to think of her friend. She hadn’t spoken with Mary since last fall. What drove her friend to return to Boston, knowing she would hang? What had gone through Mary’s mind before her climb to the gallows?
Herod thought back to their last conversation. Mary said she would lay down her life to shame the Puritans into changing their own laws. When confronted with the prospect of hanging a woman, maybe the general court would vote down the bloody laws. If not, when the Quakers caught Parliament – or the new king’s eye – with news of a peaceful woman’s hanging, they might step in.
Lastly, the Puritans were damned by their evil acts, and only repudiating their evil laws would save them. Mary told Herod, “My life is torture so long as I hear those damned souls crying out. Jesus redeemed the damned by his death, my Friends sacrifice themselves for our Lord, and so will I.”
“Perhaps they deserve it,” is what Herod shouted at Mary. “Those people laughed and lusted when I was whipped. They should burn!” The same rush of frustration which had gripped Herod then caused her heart to pound now. Why shouldn’t the Puritans be damned for hanging Mary, whipping old women, and scarring Herod’s naked back with their lash?
Anger threatened the mental dam Herod had placed around her grief, so she commanded herself, ‘Stop! Think of something else.’ Boston receding in the ship’s wake, finally vanishing behind Dorchester hill. Escaping recognition by Endecott and the sharp-eyed Atherton. The jail where she had lain with her tiny daughter for two weeks no longer threatened, and she no longer risked banishment. Now Herod had left behind the gallows where –
Mary’s body. Alarm prickled the hairs on Herod’s arms and nape. Murderers and pirates’ bodies would be left to hang for years as a warning, but John assured her that Mary would be buried by her friends that night. Herod pictured somber-clad men climbing a torch-lit ladder to cut the rope, tenderly handing Mary down, swathing her in a sheet before laying her in a secret resting place. And what then?
Herod remembered Mary’s last words to her: “I will go to eternal joy with God upon that day.”
‘Dear Mary, I pray you were right,’ Herod thought, and then she finally wept.

Monday, November 4, 2013

Mary Dyer Illuminated



My guest today is Christy K. Robinson, author of the 2013 historical novel, Mary Dyer Illuminated, its forthcoming sequel Mary Dyer: For Such a Time as This, and the non-fiction The Dyers of London, Boston, and Newport.

I hold a great deal of enthusiasm for both Christy and her books about Mary Dyer, not only because they encompass the life and times of Herodias Long, but also because Mary Dyer Illuminated is a superb read, and Christy is a superb friend. And now, without further ado, here’s Christy!

Thank you, Jo Ann, for hosting this interview on your website. Your readers should know that through our research into Herodias Long and Mary Dyer, Jo Ann and I became acquainted in Facebook, and then close friends who shared research, after which personal details bonded us together. When Jo Ann took a road trip, we got to spend some hours together in my home. We’re even cousins, going back to late-17th century New Englanders.

JB: Your history is impeccable. When did you begin research for your book?
CR: I did a lot of genealogy research on my family lines when I was a teenager, driving my mom to the LDS genealogical library about 30 miles across the city. These were printed books and microfilms, long before the Internet came to town! She discovered that she and I were direct descendants of Mary Barrett Dyer, whom I’d never heard of. 

We both believed the stuff you read now on the Wiki and genealogy pages, which were copied from the Quaker historians: that Mary Dyer was hanged (the word is hanged, not hung) “for the crime of being a Quaker.” But as you’ll see in my research blog, two novels, nonfiction book, Facebook pages, etc., that is NOT the case. It wasn’t a crime to “be” a Quaker, and no one died for it. Mary and three men deliberately chose to die in civil disobedience, though they had several clear opportunities to just leave Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Mary Dyer's statue
I was commissioned to write and photograph a women-in-ministry convention in New England during leaf-peeping time in October 1997.  As we traveled by coach, a history professor lectured on the Quaker women who were persecuted in the area, and that Hutchinson and Dyer had memorial statues “on Boston Common.” (Actually, they face the Common.) When I learned I’d be stuck at Logan Airport for hours before my plane would board, I jumped into a taxi for a ride to the Common for a personal quest. I was not wearing proper shoes for city walking, cobblestones, or the half-run I made through the park, peering at every monument. Finally, I found Mary, and took several photos before taking another taxi back to the airport. I went home, consulted my files, and counted up the “greats” behind “grandmother”: nine greats. Twelve generations.

The philosophical and theological bits have been a lifelong interest, and while doing some hobby genealogy study on Mary Dyer in about 2006, I ran up against terms I didn’t understand. So I started reading about Anne Hutchinson and antinomian beliefs, and then early Quaker beliefs. It was a revelation to learn that my own church was rooted deeply in New England’s Puritan ways (not in doctrines, necessarily, but in the “corporate culture” of the believers). In 2010, I decided to write a novel about both Mary and William Dyer, and the research began with scores of books and hundreds of internet searches.

JB: How much is known of William Dyer and Mary Barrett’s early lives? Do you know where they were born?
CR: Very little is known of their early lives. There’s a christening record for William in September 1609 that lists his father’s name, but not his mother’s. Mary was born about 1610-11, probably in or near London. There are snippets of rumors that say she was in attendance at the court of Charles I, but no proof. The first real record of Mary is her wedding to William on September 27, 1633, at St. Martin-in-the-Fields church. 

JB: You write about Mary Dyer’s life as if you know her. How much is actually known of Mary’s early life?
CR: I think I do know her! But not because of any family stories, legends, or mystical experiences. As I explained above, what little I knew was wrong. But I so thoroughly researched her culture, religious beliefs, friends and enemies, surroundings, what took place later in her life, etc., that I could place her in situations and then project what probably happened based on what the people around her did and said.

As for what is actually known about Mary, I learned that many of the things I thought were established fact, were written by Quaker historians who had an agenda, which was not to write factual details or investigative journalism. Their agenda was to promote their beliefs and persuade others to support or at least tolerate their practices. In essence, they were public relations and communications managers for their new sect. I recognized that because it’s what I did for years, for two universities and a nonprofit organization!

JB: John and Margaret Dyer were real people. Why did you choose them for Mary’s guardians?
CR: I saw John’s name in a tax record on Johan Winsser’s trustworthy research website. John’s poor-roll tax was substantial, so they had some money. Then I went hunting for, and found, his childless wife that he married rather late in life. They lived in the right place and had a name that would fit my novel plotting.

1625 London plague woodcut
I also decided that with major plague epidemics regularly raging in London, and killing tens of thousands of residents at a time, Mary Barrett and William Dyer and his master must have had an escape hatch. And since Mary would be a mistress of garden and farm servants in just a few years, she would have to learn practical economics. So I needed people who lived out in the country but had ties in the city. I created the Stansbys, in the real village of Willesden.

JB: I remember being told in school that the Puritans came here for religious freedom. You write that they hid their religious intent behind stated plans to make investors rich.
CR: Yes, they were a corporation designed to make money in development and export of New England’s natural resources of timber, shipbuilding, furs, food production, fishing, and other commercial pursuits, plus all the support industries to make a viable, flourishing community. Really, who could blame them, when they had to sell their homes, farms, animals, and businesses in England that were being heavily taxed? They were imprisoned by the king’s men for their dissent and refusal to conform to religion or government. Some of them had to flee their homeland in secrecy to avoid imprisonment. So often, incarceration itself caused death.

Of course, religious freedom meant that they were free from Anglican rule, but they held themselves to a far more strict code. In London, John Winthrop worked as a magistrate in wills and estate trusts, but his refusal to take the usual bribes and deal dishonorably as his colleagues did made him stand out, and he had to resign and try to melt into his Essex manor until the fleet could depart from England. They seemed very moderate when they were in England, but when they got to Massachusetts, they were religious extremists. John Endecott, in particular, was a proto-Taliban! They truly intended to build a New Jerusalem that would hasten the second coming of Christ.

You might be surprised to learn that I wrote John Winthrop, a man who became a principal enemy of Hutchinson and Dyer, as a sympathetic character in his private life.  But I could never get into Endecott’s head or find a sympathetic trait. I had other characters describe him.

JB: The Puritans took the royal charter for Massachusetts with them. What does that signify?
CR: The charter should have been kept in London with every other official document. With the king’s seal on it, they acted as if in his name and authority. But they always intended to form their own theocratic government with minimal oversight from the king they considered pro-Catholic and politically repressive. King Charles demanded the return of the charter numerous times, but Winthrop ignored the orders. When an envoy tried to come over and take it back, his ship seemed to disintegrate under him like some X-Files scene. Winthrop gloried in that, saying that God had miraculously protected them.

JB:  We think of Puritans all dressed in black and white. However, your women wear rainbow colors.
CR: Black clothes were only for the very rich because they were expensive to dye and maintain without fading in the sun or the washing.  The few portraits from New England at that time were done of the elite members of society who were wearing their best duds at the sittings: black. I read lots of blogs on fashions, including Plimoth Plantation’s, and studied paintings of the 17th century, to see what men and women wore. Guess what: not that many ball gowns! I also chased down what Englishwomen wore to their weddings, and they were not wearing white until Queen Victoria, two centuries later.

"Blood Moon"
JB:  Was there really a lunar eclipse on the night of Anne Hutchinson’s miscarriage? New Englanders’ hair must have been standing on end at the sight of the blood moon.
CR: There really was a blood-red lunar eclipse on June 25, 1638, and it was observed on Aquidneck Island—by our people! The blood moon was, to them, a sign of the Apocalypse. But no one knows the date of Anne’s miscarriage. I timed out the reports of it in July, and I knew how long a molar pregnancy can last (about 12 weeks), and that there was no report of it on June 1, when the huge earthquake hit, so for dramatic purposes and Anne’s labor, I chose the lunar eclipse near the end of June—which would be 12 weeks after Anne was released from house arrest and had a celebratory conjugal reunion with her husband!

Christy K. Robinson
That’s one of the things that distinguishes my books from what’s come before and has been so heavily reliant on the Quaker writers. I used real events, internet research into science and medicine and astronomy, and a timeline!  The timeline opened my eyes to all kinds of surprises, and blew me away many times, as Jo Ann and my sister-in-law can attest. You’ll have to see the “signs and wonders” that begin in Mary Dyer Illuminated and come with even more importance in the second volume, Mary Dyer: For Such a Time as This (to be released in December 2013).  There’s also a Kindle-only companion book to the two novels, full of research into the culture and fascinating factoids I’ve found. That one is called The Dyers of London, Boston, & Newport.  

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